Black History Month: African Americans and the Arts
Phillis Wheatley-Peters made history by becoming the first African American woman to publish a book of poems inspiring generations of future writers.
While enslaved by the Wheatley family, she quickly learned to read and write and studied Greek and Latin classics, British literature, astronomy, and geography. As a teenager, Phillis began writing poetry and eventually went on to publish “Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral.” The book included a forward, signed by John Hancock, and a portrait of Phillis, shown here, to show that the work was indeed written by a black woman.
Shortly after this publication, Phillis was emancipated; she married John Peters, a free black man, and continued writing. Religion and pride in her African heritage were key parts of her writing. Although she’d supported the American Revolution, she believed slavery had prevented the colonists from achieving true heroism.
Josephine Baker is known as an influential force in the Harlem Renaissance, a world-renowned performer, a World War II spy, and a civil rights activist.
Baker became a sought-after vaudeville performer because of her unique style of dance and costumes. While in Paris, she used her talent to gain insight into Nazi secrets and passed them along to the French military using invisible ink on sheet music.
When she returned to the US years later, she was confronted with discrimination she hadn’t experienced while being abroad. Baker openly opposed segregation and refused to perform for white-only audiences, becoming one of the few women who were allowed to speak at the March on Washington in 1963.
“You know, friends, that I do not lie to you when I tell you I have walked into the palaces of kings and queens and into the houses of presidents. And much more. But I could not walk into a hotel in America and get a cup of coffee, and that made me mad.”